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Artistic depictions of the partition of India
The partition of India and the associated bloody riots inspired many creative minds in India and Pakistan to create literary/cinematic depictions of this event. While some creations depicted the massacres during the refugee migration, others concentrated on the aftermath of the partition in terms of difficulties faced by the refugees in both side of the border. Even now, more than 60 years after the partition, works of fiction and films are made that relate to the events of partition.
Literature describing the human cost of independence and partition comprises Khushwant Singh's ''Train to Pakistan'' (1956), several short stories such as ''Toba Tek Singh'' (1955) by Saadat Hassan Manto, Urdu poems such as ''Subh-e-Azadi'' (Freedom’s Dawn, 1947) by Faiz Ahmad Faiz, Bhisham Sahni's ''Tamas'' (1974), Manohar Malgonkar's ''A Bend in the Ganges'' (1965), and Bapsi Sidhwa's ''Ice-Candy Man'' (1988), among others. Salman Rushdie's novel ''Midnight's Children'' (1980), which won the Booker Prize and the Booker of Bookers, weaved its narrative based on the children born with magical abilities on midnight of 14 August 1947.〔 ''Freedom at Midnight'' (1975) is a non-fiction work by Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre that chronicled the events surrounding the first Independence Day celebrations in 1947. There is a paucity of films related to the independence and partition.〔 〕 Early films relating to the circumstances of the independence, partition and the aftermath include Nemai Ghosh's ''Chinnamul'' (1950),〔 ''Dharmputra'' (1961),〔 Ritwik Ghatak's ''Meghe Dhaka Tara'' (1960), ''Komal Gandhar'' (1961), ''Subarnarekha'' (1962);〔 later films include ''Garm Hava'' (1973) and ''Tamas'' (1987). From the late 1990s onwards, more films on this theme were made, including several mainstream films, such as ''Earth'' (1998), ''Train to Pakistan'' (1998) (based on the aforementined book), ''Hey Ram'' (2000), ''Gadar: Ek Prem Katha'' (2001), ''Pinjar'' (2003), ''Partition'' (2007) and ''Madrasapattinam'' (2010),.〔 The biopics ''Gandhi'' (1982), ''Jinnah'' (1998) and ''Sardar'' (1993) also feature independence and partition as significant events in their screenplay.
Some of the books and films are discussed here. However, the list is far from being exhaustive.
==Fiction==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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